FOOD: My Cultural Heritage


a menorah
A menorah is the symbol of Hannukah and was found on Google
The writing of this blog post about food: my cultural heritage coincides with and is in honor of Hannukah which happens to be this week December 25, 2024-January 1, 2025. This is where potato latke and donuts come into the picture. But more to come later about the former food cooked in oil as part of the symbolism of this holiday.

 

soup
Mushroom barley soup made with beef short ribs and blue oyster mushrooms ©2024 Alison D. Gilbert
Over the last 50 years until now, a return to my cultural heritage has not been how I would choose to eat.

HOW I ATE
This is in spite of the fact that ever since I was in my 20s, I have had an interest in my diet for nutritional purposes. In fact, I continue to make changes in my diet more times than I can remember. And now I am feeling a need to change how I eat once again.

In fact, during the five decades between my twenties and now, my eating habits have done this:
• embraced the season
• adopted the latest ideas for health
• eaten a rotation diet
• included a boiled grain at every meal
• applied the yin and yang tenets of macrobiotics
• juggled the three doshas of Ayurveda
• practiced vegetarianism
• eaten according to my blood type
• and tried many other options.

TOO MANY CHOICES
Unfortunately, I am one of the people who always has too many choices living in an industrialized country. Often they are not healthy and I suffer the consequences. Or there are just too many choices and I did not know what to do.

barley
Arrowhead Mills Organic pearled barley, Photo ©2024 ADG
Growing up in the United States, I got far away from the food of my culture, my cultural heritage of Eastern Europe. Then again, I rarely had the opportunity to eat that way any way or even knew what that was.

ASHKENAZI FOOD
It was only on occasion at home or on a trip to my grandparents in Boston that I even would have exposure to Ashkenazi food. How I wish now that I had learned to cook from my Ashkenazi grandmother, Rose Rudnick Gilbert.

Potato Latke She made the best potato latkes in the world. Mine are tolerable. (For all my fellow Jews, Trader Joes comes in at a far second when all else fails). But I am not even sure of the names or ingredients of the other traditional foods she would make.

TJ potato latke
Trader Joes Potato Pancakes

And now that I am at the other end of those fifty years that I mentioned, I am needing and wanting to once again introduce a new diet into my eating regimen. For no other reason than it popped into my head after binging on endless, streaming episodes of the Anthony Bordain series, 'No Reservations', I have decided to give tradition and a return to my cultural heritage a try.

Anthony Bordain
Anthony Bordain in a clip from Wikipedia about 'No Reservations' my non-stop, Prime channel streaming inspiration as of late

TRADITION
What is that tradition? Of course, a deeper introduction to my Ashkenazi roots is necessary. For example, I have vague memories of eating foods that were cooked in one pot with lots of water to bring dried grain to life. Also, these are foods that needed lots of time so the meat will fall off the bone or fall apart demonstrating it is ready to eat.

Bones Yes, bones are indeed preferable if not mandatory. These include chicken bones, turkey bones, beef short ribs, and especially marrow bones. In addition, I am reintroducing meats that I partner with hardy vegetables and a delicious, healthy grain.

Barley Strangely enough my grain of choice is one that I never cared about but love to eat now. That happens to be barley. Made with broth, it is especially delicious with just the right amount of chewiness. Besides barley, I go for the occasional soba noodles or even semolina noodles. But here is one exception. That is, when I make chicken soup, it must have matzoh balls. At first I was shy about what I though would take major effort. But I quickly found out that they are not difficult to make and well worth the effort.

My Heritage, My Food
I know that I am doing something right. Because my stomach has a history of reminding me it exists by being painfully awake now at times experiences sleep, quietly filled with satisfaction. Therefore my return to tradition or the introduction of Ashkenazi food into my almost daily life is proving to be the right thing to do.

corned beef and cabbage
Home made corned beef and cabbage served in broth with barley, Photo ©2024 ADG

SOURCES & RESOURCES
Anthony Bordain: No Reservations
Trader Joes Potato Pancake Review
Rose Rudnick Gilbert
Eating According to Your Blood Type
Macrobiotics
The Five Elements Diet
The Ayurvedic Diet
Bulk Pearl Barley
Ashkenazi Food Unrecognized Diversity
Source of short ribs as a source-not necessarily a recommendation
Golds horseradish
Ashkenazi Cholent: Shabbat Overnight Stew
Floater Matzoh Balls


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Around the World in Six Weeks

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My mother’s six week trip around the world included a ride on an elephant in India.

When I was fourteen years old, my mother took a trip around the world. It actually lasted six weeks. Unlike our move to Italy that lasted for an entire school year, we kids did not go on this adventure. In addition I think she would have gone for longer if circumstances were different.

The group tour was originally designed to include Asia and the Far East. But due to unrest between Russia and the United States, the trip took a detour to central Europe. Instead of going to Russia, she and her traveling companion went to Paris. I doubt my mother was very disappointed. That was because her favorite city in the world was Paris.

Start the Tour

trip-around-the-world
Real Hawaii but canned pineapple juice.
But let me not get ahead of myself. The first stop on my mother’s trip around the world was Hawaii. Actually that tropical paradise did not impress her. I remember her commenting about getting canned not fresh pineapple juice. That experience crossed Hawaii off her pleasure list.

On to Asia

The years erased trinkets and photos from our family possessions. But memories do exist. I remember photos of my mother in Japan with cherry blossoms and Japanese temples. Unfortunately gone from from my jewelry box, I also remember a turquoise ring from Thailand.

trip-around-the-world
A stock photo of cherry blossoms and temples from alamy.com

Clearly this trip made nowhere near the impression on me that our family experience in Italy made. What stayed was the impression of my mother’s absence rather than our inclusion on an International trip.

The Conclusion in Paris

Hermes-silk-scarf
Hermes silk scarf
The cherry on the top of my mother’s trip-around-the world was the last minute detour to Paris. That was the real treat for my mother: Hermes, The Eifel Tower, Escargo.

 

 

 

 

 


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REALLY HEALTHY FOOD

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Really Healthy Food is actually available nationwide. This is my latest discovery about food as well as the focus of this blog post. Specifically, my emphasis is on the diversity of products from small artisanal farms rather than on large farms that might still be organic, vegetarian, or vegan, but not local.

Included here is information mostly in video format about pasture raised animals including beef, chickens, lamb, pork, goat, and eggs. In addition, there is an explanation about a very special product, wagyu beef. Finally there is a section about produce (plant based products).
really healthy food
Fed from the Farm logo

MEAT and Chicken

PORK

EGGS

really healthy food
the logo for Chu’s meat market

WAGYU BEEF

Chu Wagyu beef (chusmeatmarket.com)

PRODUCE

How to Eat Local During Winter

The difference between local farm and organic produce.
really healthy food

SOURCES & RESOURCES

Fed From the Farm

Fed By the Farm

Food From The Farm

Chu’s Meat Market

Wagyu Beef – Wikipedia

The Wagyu Shop

Snake River Farms/American Wagyu Beef

EGGS


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The Gala Fresh Farms Deli

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The Gala Fresh Farms supermarket deli in Baldwin, LI, NY now offers customers international and other freshly prepared gourmet foods. In fact, these new prepared foods are truly unique since other local community supermarkets do not carry them or other international gourmet type foods of this quality.

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The deli section of the supermarket. Photo by Gala Fresh Farms.

Deli Department This department is managed by international cook Sumir (or Sammy) who started working at Gala Fresh about 6 months ago. He is Bedoin and speaks 6 languages. International cook Sumir has brought a unique, delicious addition to locally available prepared foods.

GALA FRESH FARMS DELI SAMPLE MENU

Included in these new deli specialities are superbly prepared international and traditional foods. Here are some of them.

Italian specialties: Made from natural rice, quality meats, cheeses, vegetable and sauce

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Italian Arancini Rice balls photo from the goodcooking.co.uk
• rice balls
• eggplant parmigiana,
• breaded fried eggplant
• broccoli rabe with sausage

International specialties: made from whole grains, vegetable, and dried fruits

quinoa salad
Quinoa Salad, photo from the gardengrazer.com
• Quinoa salad
• Couscous salads

A variety of grilled vegetables: Made from fresh vegetables with a drizzle of oil

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Argentina grilled eggplant by Ben Fink, photo from Global Grill Greats

• eggplant
• summer squash
• zucchini
• broccoli rabe
• red, orange, yellow, and green peppers

Traditional food: Made from the freshest ingredients
• old fashioned bread pudding

bread pudding
Bread pudding, photo from reference.com

SOURCES & RESOURCES

Gala Fresh Farms, Baldwin, NY
Rice balls
Quinoa salad
Global Grill Greats
Bread pudding
Bedouin


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Alison’s Health and Healing Project Graphics

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health-and-healing-project-graphics
My latest Health and Healing project graphics 2023©

FERMENTED FOOD & BEVERAGE GRAPHICS

Health and Healing project graphics are great fun to make for all my fermented beverages. In fact, I enjoy making Health and Healing projects graphics almost as much as making fermented food and beverages themselves.

In order to keep track of what I am doing with all my projects, I create promotional and identity graphics. At left, for this project, I have created a menu of the fermented food and beverages I am making.

 

WHERE IT ALL BEGAN: EAT FREE

It has been over 35 years since I created my first Health and Healing graphics. In fact, it was my first Health and Healing project called EAT FREE©. The name described an allergy muffin I created. It was free of wheat, dairy, and sugar. In fact, it was vegan before vegan even existed.
eat free flyer
My first health and healing project EAT FREE© flyer from 1987.
Do you notice something significant between the above two examples of Health & Healing graphics? The current piece, the menu happens to be computer generated while the vintage piece or flyer was completely freehand drawn by me.

At the time the flyer was created, I did not have access to a computer. Currently, all my graphics is computer generated. In reverse, my current Health and Healing projects themselves draw upon vintage, handmade formulas and recipes.

illustrators
Illustrations work by Susan Branch, Beatrix Potter, and Mary Engelbreit

As much as I would like to create lovely handmade illustrations of my current work, the computer is easier for me. Unfortunately I do not have the skill of other artists like Susan Branch, Beatrix Potter and Mary Engelbreit to manifest handmade marvels.

Ali's Kombucha Kitchen
Ali’s Kombucha kitchen

CAPTURING THE ESSENCE

There is an essence to all of this. It is actually captured by the senses through the ethereal vibration of it all. There is the visual, the aroma, the taste, the feeling. Although I cannot capture some of these qualities, ultimately the products is essential.

It is my sincerest desire that you will experience something special through my Health and Healing project graphics. May that be the quality of transporting you to the products themselves. Ultimately that is where the benefits and the joy reside.

SOURCES & RESOURCES

Fermented Sauerkraut
Beet Kvass
Ginger ale
Limeade
Kombucha
Susan Branch
Beatrix Potter
Mary Engelbreit


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NYC Public Markets

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Good Things Are in Store

Since 1937, the NYC Public Retail Markets serve as culinary gathering places. Originally a 10-market system, these markets were constructed by the City of New York itself. The continued goal is to provide the public with an affordable supply of fresh food. Today, six remaining markets serve as a thriving testament to the food history that enriches New York City.

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(Left) Typical scene of Lower East Side St peddlers and (Right) Mayor LaGuardia opens the First Avenue Retail Market, 1938 (Museum of the City of New York).
Mission At NYC Public Retail Markets, the central mission is to foster shared prosperity, equity, and empowerment across the city. In doing so, this strengthens neighborhoods and creates entrepreneurial job opportunities as well.

• • Bronx-East-Harlem
the Arthur Avenue Market in the Bronx and La Marqueta in East Harlem
Commitment Actually, the commitment is to make these markets not only world-class destinations. But it is also to provide access to affordable, healthy food—all as well. In addition to that preserving each market’s cultural heritage is also crucial.
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Gourmet Glatt in Brooklyn and Moore Street in Brooklyn
Thriving Ethnic Diversity Of the original ten markets, a six market system survives today. In fact, it include locations all over New York City. the Arthur Avenue Market, Essex Market, Gourmet Glatt, Jamaica Farmers Market, La Marqueta, and the Moore Street Market.
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Lower East Side of Manhattan and Jamaica, Queens, NY

SOURCES & RESOURCES

New York City’s Public Markets, Past and Present | Turnstile TOURS
Public Markets NYC
Arthur Avenue Market
Essex Market
Gourmet Glatt
Jamaica Farmers Market
La Marqueta
Moore Street Market

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Favorite Food Shopping

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Favorite food shopping is very easy and convenient for me.

That is because the stores I love that carry the foods I love are right in my neighborhood. Otherwise, I can always get most things on Amazon.com, quickly and at a discount like my favorite Frankies 457 Court St (Brooklyn) olive oil. But let’s stay in my neighborhood, for now.

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Google map of the locations of the stores highlighted in this blog post
Ethnic Food Is My Preference. In fact, I prefer it to most American food. Fortunately there is enough of what I like. Therefore I can minimize my intake of the Standard American Diet. Instead, I can indulge in international, gourmet products I love at a discount.

Gala Fresh Farms

There are so many delicacies right here at Gala Fresh Farms in Baldwin that I can’t name them all. So I will focus on two of my most favorites. In fact, here’s a picture of them.
My favorite Vantia Food Products imported from Italy and available at @GalaFreshFarms

Anchovies and Cheese Both are so mouth wateringly delicious. The anchovies are actually only lightly salted, even sweet. Therefore, I can enjoy their flavor without getting a mouthful of salt.

In contrast with their wonderful mild flavor is the spicy Italian Primo Sale Fantasia sheep cheese. Olives, arugula, and red pepper are a great addition to the robust flavor of this cheese gem. By the way, the store carries fresh semolina bread to make these choices a complete meal.

Home Goods

This addition to the neighborhood has been a spectacular success. Actually before it become HomeGoods, Rockville Centre NY, there was a less than successful supermarket. How grateful everyone is for the upgrade. In fact, it has made a world of difference to shopping in town.

Cerignola Olives and Lupini Beans Here are two set of my favorite treats from Home Goods. That is to say, first my favorite Italian salty vegetable snacks. In fact, there is nothing healthier when I am in the mood for a salty even astringent taste. Actually the border of this post is a row of bowls of red and green cerignola olives.

olives-lupini
A jar of my favorite Bella Contadina cerignola olives and a jar of the same brand of lupini beans
Baklava and Turkish Delight Next I present my favorite Greek sweet treats. Baklava is nutty and sweetened by honey so it it not too sweet. In addition, turkish delight is chewy, tasty but not to sweet either.

baklava-delight
My two favorite Greek sweets both available at Home Goods.

Your appetite must certainly be wetted by now. In fact, this was just a very brief introduction. So take a gastronomic tour of Rockville Centre/Oceanside/Baldwin Long Island or your own neighborhood. What was once homogenous middle class neighborhoods have become much more gastronomically diverse and delicious. In conclusion living in the suburbs can include favorite food shopping experiences.


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SOURCES & RESOURCES

1.anchovies
2.Primo Sale sheep’s milk cheese
3.cerignola olive
4.lupini beans
5.baklava
6.turkish delight
7.olive oil
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Beet Kvass: Origins and Variations Recipes


beet kvass
A brief history of Kvass, Russia’s ‘bread in a bottle’
Kira Lisitskaya (Photo: Legion Media; Sputnik)

Beet Kvass is attributed to being Russian although the earliest recordings can be traced as far back as Ancient Greece and Egypt.(1) Ultimately today, recipes come from many parts of the globe and in many variations exist.

Beet Kvass went in and out of popularity in Russia. At one point it was a noble drink. Over time peasants were saved from starvation drinking it. It was called ‘bread in a bottle’ due to its highly nutritional value. But then it sank to being considered vulgar for poor folks.(2) Today it is experiencing an upswing as its health benefits are revealed again. Clearly beet kvass origins and recipes are not limited to a narrow story.
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Barrel with kvass
Harrison Foreman / russiainphoto.ru
Varieties of Kvass With its popularity due to health benefits, many recipes developed. But first I would like to present the simplest recipes to the most complicated.

beet-kvass-origins
Beet Kvass photo by Bobbi Lin
Red Beet Kvass The simplest recipe requires just filtered water, beets, and sea salt.
Taking the kvass one step further it can list filtered water, chopped red beets, whey to quicken fermentation, sea salt, or sugar, or even honey. Recipes are in the Source & Resource section at the end of this post.(3)(4)(5)

Golden Beet Kvass Although I have not yet made golden beet kvass, it looks fascinating and delicious. One particular recipe includes crusts of rye bread to add to the richness in fermentation and nutrition.

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Sparkling Golden Beet Kvass Made the Traditional Way
from the CulturedGuru.com

Golden beet kvass involves a more complicated recipe, possibly with more powerful results. I have not made this kvass yet. But I will as soon as I purchase some golden beets and fermented rye bread.

SOURCES & RESOURCES

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)A brief history of Kvass, Russia’s ‘bread in a bottle’
a.Urban Farmie Beet kvass
b.Nourishing Gourmet Beet Kvass
c.Three Stone Hearth Beet Kvass
d.How to Make Beet Kvass
d.Honey Fermented Sweet Beet Kvass
e.How to make sweet honey and Beet Kvass
f.Golden Beet Kvass
g.Golden Beet & Turmeric Kvass: A Fermented Home Brew Recipe for a Healthy Probiotic Drink

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HOMEMADE FERMENTED BEVERAGES

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INTRODUCTION

Homemade fermented beverages are my favored way to quench my thirst. Although pure water can be very refreshing, there is nothing like drinking a cool sparkling homemade fermented beverage.

Actually the variety is almost unlimited. Fortunately, most of the commercial brands ferment to have minimal (5%) or no alcohol at all for people with sensitivities.

MY FERMENTED DRINK PROJECT

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From rebeccasnaturalfood.com, The Magic of Fermented Foods and Beverages
KOMBUCHA
My homemade fermented beverages project originated with my love of kombucha. Over the years, I’ve consequently spent a great deal of time learning about fermented drinks in general. Then I discovered on my own how to make delicious flavors.
Although there are many delicious commercial brands of kombucha on the market, making it at home can be lots of fun even if it is time consuming.
Making Homemade Kombucha
Sometimes we don’t have the luxury of fermenting of our kombucha. In that case, commercial kombucha will do nicely. But if time does allow, I think it is worth it to experience homemade fermented beverages.
‘1F’ Kombucha
As I mentioned, fermentation, either ‘1F’ and/or ‘2F’ does take considerable time. Let’s begin. The ‘1F’ process includes boiling and cooling (black or green) tea. Then place it in a glass jar without the tea. Next add the fermenting agent known as a SCOBY.

Cover the glass jar with cheesecloth or a coffee filter secured with a rubber band or string. Once the liquid ferments, remove the SCOBY from the tea. Fermentation can take from a few days to over a week even. The result is a drinkable ‘1F’ Kombucha.
Keep SCOBY Mixture Warm During Fermentation
It is crucial to keep the designated fermenting area and bottle(s) warm. To accomplish this, be sure to cover the container with a heavy material like a sock or even a heating belt specifically designed for this purpose.
2F Kombucha
Once the 1F process is fermented, it is ready is make the kombucha more flavorful. But first be sure to remove the SCOBY from the 1F liquid. Next place the SCOBY in a small amount of the original ‘1F’ liquid in its own jar. Refrigerate it and leave it to rest ready to start another ‘1F’ kombucha. To make the ‘2F’ kombucha with one or more additional flavors, add either juice or tea to the jar that contains the bulk of’1F’ liquid. That may takes days, as well.
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Kombucha SCOBY from blissedmama.com website
Recipes
There are so many great recipes for Kombucha available on the Internet. For example, here is one of those recipes. How to Make Kombucha at Home Using a SCOBY.
The ‘Sources & Resources’ section below has a terrific recipe. Many other recipes are on the Internet.

FERMENTED LEMONADE/LIMEADE

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Homemade Fermented limeade with only two ingredients
This thirst quenching homemade fermented beverage is probably the easiest to make. It only requires two ingredients consisting of whey and ‘Simply Lemonade or Limeade’. First make whey with a cheesecloth by straining store bought, full fat probiotic plain yogurt.
Fermenting with Whey
Add about 1/4 cup whey to a bottle of Simply Lemonade or Limeade. Since it is about as pure as squeezing my own juice, it saves me a huge step of not having to squeeze my own citrus. Combine the two ingredients, 1/4 cup whey into a full bottle of juice. Make sure the bottle cover is on tight for fermenting.
Let this two step process sit on the counter maintaining a room temperature of between a minimum of 70 degrees but best closer to 80 degrees for a few days until it gets fermented and fizzy. Then refrigerate it and enjoy. Hint: In colder weather cover bottle in a heavy sock to maintain warm temperature for proper fermenting.

GINGER ALE

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Ginger bug recipe from thespruceeats.com
Ginger ale involves another two step process similar to the ‘2F’ fermentation process used for making flavored kombucha. In this case, start by making a ginger bug.
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Ginger ale recipe from thespruceeats.com
Combine bug and Liquid Then add it to a liquid specifically prepared for making homemade ginger ale. There is a great photo subtitle link that provides an excellent recipe for both a bug and ginger ale.
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Beet Kvass from threestonehearth.com

BEET KVASS

Red Beet Kvass Recipes for beet kvass vary depending on your preferred fermenting technique as well as taste (sweet or salty). Here is a recipe that uses salt as its fermenting agent
Sally Fallon Morell highly recommends beet kvass as an excellent nourishing beverage.
To quote her from the website threestonehearth.com, ‘Beets are sliced and cultured in water with yogurt whey and Celtic sea salt to make this traditional tonic drink.’
Valuable Medicinal Qualities
Sally Fallon Morell describes this drink as being “valuable for its medicinal qualities and as a digestive aid. Beets are just loaded with nutrients. One 4-ounce glass, morning and night, is an excellent blood tonic, promotes regularity, aids digestion, alkalizes the blood, cleanses the liver and is a good treatment for kidney stones and other ailments…”
GOLDEN BEET KVASS
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Sparkling Golden Beet Kvass Made the Traditional Way
from the CulturedGuru.com

Golden beet kvass involves a more complicated recipe, possibly with more powerful results. I have not made this kvass yet. But I will as soon as I purchase some golden beets and fermented rye bread.

SOURCES & RESOURCES

a.The Magic of Fermented Foods and Beverages
b.Salty Beet kvass
c.Sweet Beet Kvass
d.Kvass and Kombucha: Gifts From Russia
e.Golden Beet & Turmeric Kvass: A Fermented Home Brew Recipe for a Healthy Probiotic Drink

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BEVERAGES THROUGH THE AGES

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DRINK UP
Pure Water or Fermented Beverages
Contrary to popular belief, fermented beverages were a source of pleasure even nutrition rather that a sanitary necessities in Medieval Europe going forward.

Middle Age Water Myth

Sources of Water in Cities
It is known that cities even constructed sources for pure water. In fact infrastructures were created to supply clean water to populated areas.
Rural Water Requiring Less Engineering
Where underground water existed naturally, wells provided pure drinking water.
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Drinking water supplied by wells and transferred in barrels from medievalist.net
Water in Colonial New England (3)

At the beginning of this post documentation of water history relates essentially to European geography and construction. On the other hand, footnote(3) hones in on the relationship of water and the North American city of Boston from 1650-1900. Activities started later in the colonies as well as less frequently. But the need was less urgent.

Preferred Palatable Beverages
But for pleasure, alternative drinking liquids were prefered. In fact, there were many options to choose from. Fermented beverages from distant and recent history are still popular today.

fermented-beverages

Food and Beverage Hobby As part of my interest in food and beverage history, I like to prepare and drink these beverages. They range from thousands of years old to much more recent concoctions.

Fermentation
Fermentation was the way liquids were converted into nutritious, tasty beverages. Due to chemical reactions with healthy bacteria, many beverages resulted. I would like to spend this blog post writing about some of them.

meadHoney Wine

“The term honey wine is sometimes used as a synonym for mead,[7][8] although wine is typically defined to be the product of fermented grapes or certain other fruits,[9] and some cultures have honey wines that are distinct from mead. The honey wine of Hungary, for example, is the fermentation” of honey-sweetened pomace of grapes or other fruits.[10]

More About Mead
“Mead was produced in ancient times throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia,[11][12][13][14] and has played an important role in the mythology of some peoples. In Norse mythology, for example, the Mead of Poetry, crafted from the blood of Kvasir (a wise being born from the mingled spittle of the Aesir and Vanir deities) would turn anyone who drank it into a poet or scholar.” Quoted from Wikipedia

 

kombuchaKombucha
“Kombucha is thought to have originated in China, where the drink is traditional.[3][4]

By the early 20th century it had spread to Russia, then other parts of Eastern Europe and Germany.[5] Kombucha is now homebrewed globally, and also bottled and sold commercially.[1] The global kombucha market was worth approximately US$1.7 billion as of 2019.[6]

SCOBY
“Kombucha is produced by symbiotic fermentation of sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) commonly called a “mother” or “mushroom”. The microbial populations in a SCOBY vary.

Yeast
The yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae, along with other species; the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic acid (and other acids).[7]

SCOBY Defined
Although the SCOBY is commonly called “tea fungus” or “mushroom”, it is actually “a symbiotic growth of acetic acid bacteria and osmophilic yeast species in a zoogleal mat [biofilm]”.[1] The living bacteria are said to be probiotic, one of the reasons for the popularity of the drink.[8][9]”Quoted from Wikipedia

SOURCES & RESOURCES

Mead

Kombucha

(1)Did People Drink Water in the Middle Ages?

(2)What Was the Drink of Choice in Medieval Europe?

(3)New England Water Supplies – A Brief History


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